Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia. [266][268] With no Carthaginian army in the field those cities which had remained loyal went over to the Romans or were captured. [196][197], Little survives of Polybius's account of Hannibal's army in Italy after Cannae and Livy is the best surviving source for this part of the war. Both empires wanted to take control of Sicily and Corsica, the ideal trading spot in the entire Mediterranean. Though Carthage had clashed violently with several other powers in the region, notably Greece, its relations with Rome were historically friendly, and the cities had signed several treaties defining trading rights over the years. - Rome won each of the Punic Wars and gained control over the western Mediterranean. By the end of the Second Punic War, the Romans decide to take the battle to Carthage. The name Punic comes from the word Phoenician (Phoinix in the Greek, Poenus from Punicus in Latin) as applied to the citizens of Carthage, who were of Phoenician ethnicity. Mago was also recalled; he died of wounds on the voyage and some of his ships were intercepted by the Romans,[222] but 12,000 of his troops reached Carthage. He was reinforcing the will to resist in the Carthaginian citizens; from this point there could be no possibility of negotiations. By 214 BC the bulk of southern Italy had turned against Rome, although there were many exceptions. As a result, the Roman infantry was surrounded with no means of escape. Roman traders caught in Carthaginian waters were drowned and their ships taken. Senators were worried that Caesar would try to become a king or emperor. How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? How did the results of the First Punic War lead to the Second Punic War? Answer: A result of the first Punic War and the Romans was the decisive naval victory against the Carthaginians at the Aegate Islands. The two sides' infantry fought inconclusively until the Roman cavalry returned and attacked the Carthaginian rear. Prior to the conflict, Carthage had grown from a small port-of-call to the richest and most powerful city in the Mediterranean region before 260 BCE. [209], Up to 215BC Sicily remained firmly in Roman hands, blocking the ready seaborne reinforcement and resupply of Hannibal from Carthage. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. The First Punic War (264-241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the early 3rd century BC. [153] There were three main military theatres in the war: Italy, where Hannibal defeated the Roman legions repeatedly, with occasional subsidiary campaigns in Sicily, Sardinia and Greece; Iberia, where Hasdrubal, a younger brother of Hannibal, defended the Carthaginian colonial cities with mixed success until moving into Italy; and Africa, where the war was decided. Since Roman authors wrote the history of the wars, they were called Punic Wars because they felt Carthage started them. Livy relied heavily on Polybius, but wrote in a more structured way, with more details about Roman politics, as well as being openly pro-Roman. How did Romes expansion after the Punic Wars affect Romes social development? The First Punic War was fought to establish control over the strategic islands of Corsica and Sicily. In 205BC a last attempt was made by Mago to recapture New Carthage when the Roman occupiers were shaken by another mutiny and an Iberian uprising, but he was repulsed. After an initial Carthaginian victory, Fabius Maximus Cunctator harassed Hannibal wherever he went without offering battle. These developments made possible the subsequent Roman overseas wars of conquest. [19] Goldsworthy writes "Polybius' account is usually to be preferred when it differs with any of our other accounts". Not only do we pay for our servers, but also for related services such as our content delivery network, Google Workspace, email, and much more. [212], A large Carthaginian army led by Himilco was sent to relieve the city in 213BC. It entered Gaul and took an inland route, to avoid the Roman allies to the south. [193] Brian Carey writes that these three defeats brought Rome to the brink of collapse. [158] An army had previously been created by the Romans to campaign in Iberia and the Roman Senate detached one Roman and one allied legion from it to send to north Italy. These wars are collectively called the Punic Wars. Though Rome won both the First and Second Punic Wars, Carthage at times came close to victory. Mark, Joshua J.. "Punic Wars." The end result was that Rome defeated Carthage and went on to dominate both the western and eastern halves of the Mediterranean. Consuls could veto each other's decisions. One of those disinherited was the Numidian prince Masinissa, who was thus driven into the arms of Rome. He led Rome as a dictator when he was asked. The Second Punic War occurred between 218-201 BC. How did the Etruscans influence the Roman economy? In A.D. 80, Vespasians son Titus opened the Colosseumofficially known as read more, The Roman politician and general Mark Antony (8330 B.C. In either case, the Carthaginians argued that relationships entered into after the signing of the treaty were not covered by it. Hannibal set an ambush and in the battle of Lake Trasimene completely defeated the Roman army, killing 15,000 Romans, including Flaminius, and taking 15,000 prisoners. The majority of Rome's allies in central Italy remained loyal. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [46][47] The Carthaginians also employed war elephants; North Africa had indigenous African forest elephants at the time. By a magnificent effort on the part of private citizens a fleet of 200 warships was equipped and sent out to renew the blockade of Lilybaeum. With the Punic Wars, they got all the resources they needed from the Republic and from the Carthaginians. For over a century, the Romans and the Carthaginians had fought for control of the Mediterranean. Hasdrubal had ably defended Spain from the Romans until the arrival of Scipio who defeated him completely in 208 BCE. Rome emerged as the pre-eminent power in the Mediterranean and Carthage lay in ruin for over one hundred years until it was finally re-built following the death of Julius Caesar. In 218 Hannibal attacked Roman territory, starting from Spain and marching overland into Italy with troops and elephants. The Third Punic War was essentially the siege of Carthage; it led to the destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its people, and Roman hegemony in the western Mediterranean. [100] The Carthaginians attacked and recaptured Akragas in 255BC, but not believing they could hold the city they razed and abandoned it. However, the Romans did the . Did you know? Scipio Africanus the ElderMark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA). Answer (1 of 7): By fighting them in the first place. [231] In 203BC Carthage succeeded in recruiting at least 4,000 mercenaries from Iberia, despite Rome's nominal control. [53][54] Forming up in battle order was a complicated and premeditated affair, which took several hours. The Second Punic War began in 218BC and witnessed the Carthaginian general Hannibal's crossing of the Alps and invasion of mainland Italy. This ultimately led to the establishment of Roman Empire. Cities in Italy became overcrowded, and Rome became the most populous city in Europe and West Asia.What led to the Punic Wars and how did they affect Rome?What caused the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? Answer: In the first Punic War, Carthaginian expansion into Sicily was reversed and they were forced out of Sicily. and ending in Roman victory with the destruction of Carthage in 146 B.C. In 255, under Xanthippus command, they offered battle to Regulus, who had taken up position with an inadequate force near Tunis, outmaneuvered him, and destroyed the bulk of his army. See also why doesn't earth fall into the sun Rome and Carthage fought in the Punic Wars. The proximate cause of the first outbreak was a crisis in the city of Messana (Messina), commanding the straits between Italy and Sicily. With those two men he was integral to Romes transition from republic to empire. "|shift or raise with great effort; throw|violent; painful| In the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BC, Rome, after consolidating its hold on the Italian peninsula would soon come up against the power of the Mediterranean, Carthage. Hannibal negotiated a treaty whereby Syracuse defected to Carthage, in exchange for making the whole of Sicily a Syracusan possession. [229][235] The last Carthaginian-held city in Iberia, Gades, defected to the Romans. We care about our planet! To review: from 264 to 146 BCE, the Romans fought a series of three wars with the rival state of Carthage. [166], The Carthaginians captured the chief city of the hostile Taurini (in the area of modern Turin) and seized its food stocks. Rome was better disposed to protracted warfare all three times they went up against Carthage. Your email address will not be published. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. [140][141][142], With the suppression of the rebellion, Hamilcar understood that Carthage needed to strengthen its economic and military base if it were to again confront Rome. [195] Fabius was elected consul in 215 BC and was re-elected in 214 BC. Punic Wars. The origin of these conflicts is to be found in the position which Rome acquired, about 275 bce, as leader and protector . In the battle of Cannae the Roman legions forced their way through Hannibal's deliberately weak centre, but Libyan heavy infantry on the wings swung around their advance, menacing their flanks. Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand. According to legend, as Scipio Aemilianus watched the once-mighty city fall into utter ruin, he broke down in tears. [187][188] Paullus and Varro marched southward to confront Hannibal, who accepted battle on the open plain near Cannae. When they did exactly that, and the Romans pressed what they saw as an advantage and followed them, Hannibal closed from behind and the sides, enveloping the Roman forces and crushing them. The Latin Library. Carthage Under SiegeThe Creative Assembly (Copyright). Read the passage from the myth of Romulus and Remus. [253] Over the following 48 years he repeatedly took advantage of Carthage's inability to protect its possessions. [45] Slingers were frequently recruited from the Balearic Islands. Gauls now joined Hannibal's army in large numbers. Such Italian forces as were raised resisted operating away from their home cities and performed poorly when they did. Due to ancient Rome being dominated by this architecture affect, other cities have adopted ancient Roman architecture. Many historians believe that if Hannibal had pressed on and taken Rome, the second Punic war would have swung heavily in favor of the Carthaginians. [260], As well as manning the walls of Carthage, the Carthaginians formed a field army under Hasdrubal the Boetharch, which was based 25 kilometres (16mi) to the south. At the start of the war Carthage was the dominant power of the western Mediterranean, with an extensive maritime empire, while Rome was a rapidly expanding power in Italy, with a strong army but no navy. Which branch of government in the Roman Republic was led by two consuls? Over the course of nearly 20 years, Rome rebuilt its entire fleet in order to confront Carthages powerful navy, scoring its first sea victory at Mylae in 260 B.C. Hannibal returned to the city and told the Senate that Carthage should immediately surrender. Later on the 1203 Words; 5 Pages . He sought to compensate for the loss of Sicily by acquiring a dominion in Spain where Carthage might gain new wealth and form a fresh base of operations against Rome. [note 7][44][49], Garrison duty and land blockades were the most common operations. [109][110] They launched a surprise attack on the Carthaginian fleet, but were defeated at the battle of Drepana; Carthage's greatest naval victory of the war. Other cities have copied architecture to express a city in a lucrative and valued way. Why did senators oppose the idea of Julius Caesar becoming the leader after Crassus died? Had the Carthaginian government better supplied and reinforced Hamilcar, they most probably would have won the war but, instead, they contented themselves with hoarding their wealth and trusted to Hamilcar and his mercenaries to take care of their enemies without the necessary support. That's what makes the Punic Wars so difficult to understand. Meanwhile, the Carthaginian army was crippled by plague. Hannibal's father, a Carthaginian general, made his son swear everlasting hostility to Rome. A police officer must maintain ______ weight at a certain level. Publius Scipio was the bereaved son of the previous Roman co-commander in Iberia, also named Publius Scipio, and the nephew of the other co-commander, Gnaeus Scipio. Which statement best describes educational opportunities in Roman society? [26][27] According to the classicist Richard Miles Rome had an expansionary attitude after southern Italy came under its control, while Carthage had a proprietary approach to Sicily. Punic wars helped Rome consolidate its power, increase its wealth, and boost its reputation, all of which served to demonstrate its superiority over other areas.What was the outcome of the first Punic War?Rome gained control of all of the Carthaginian lands on Sicily after Carthage agreed to terms in the first Punic War, which was settled in 241 BC. He was defeated in the battle of Zama in 202 BC and Carthage sued for peace. [216], In the spring of 207BC Hasdrubal Barca repeated the feat of his elder brother by marching an army of 35,000 men across the Alps and invading Italy. They substitute for the limited written records that describe the founding of Rome. The siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War fought between Carthage and Rome.It consisted of the nearly-three-year siege of the Carthaginian capital, Carthage (a little north east of Tunis).In 149 BC, a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. [125] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean and increasingly the Mediterranean region as a whole. Punic Wars, also known as Carthaginian Wars, occurred between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire from 264 to 146 bce. [2][6][7] Modern historians consider Polybius to have treated the relatives of Scipio Aemilianus, his patron and friend, unduly favourably but the consensus is to accept his account largely at face value. [2][8][11], The account of the Roman historian Livy is commonly used by modern historians where Polybius's account is not extant. The three Punic Wars between Carthage and Rome took place over nearly a century, beginning in 264 B.C. What led to the Punic Wars, and how did they affect Rome? [184], In the 216BC elections Gaius Varro and Lucius Paullus were elected as consuls; both were more aggressive-minded than Fabius. [282][283] Rome still exists as the capital of Italy;[284] the ruins of Carthage lie 24 kilometres (15mi) east of Tunis on the North African coast.[285][286]. How might you respond to it ? Legend says that the boys were raised by a mighty wolf. [179][180] The prisoners were badly treated if they were Romans, but released if they were from one of Rome's Latin allies. The farmers were known as the backbone of Rome at the time. Seeing the crying babies, she took pity on them. Roman farmers had burned their fields and crops to prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land. They changed sides, sending forces to Hiero II. Its most famous eruption took place in the year 79 A.D., when it buried the city of Pompeii under a thick carpet of volcanic ash. [116][205] By 207BC Hannibal had been confined to the extreme south of Italy and many of the cities and territories which had joined the Carthaginian cause had returned to their Roman allegiance. Mark has lived in Greece and Germany and traveled through Egypt. Diogenes. The Carthaginians refused to comply with this and so began the Third Punic War. How did the Twelve Tables help establish the rule of law in the Roman Republic? [185][186] The Roman Senate authorised the raising of a force of 86,000 men, the largest in Roman history to that point. In 260 the Romans built their first large fleet of standard battleships. In this fight, Romulus killed Remus. The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Carthage and Rome between 264-146 BCE. [36][37] When they did they fought as well-armoured heavy infantry armed with long thrusting spears, although they were notoriously ill-trained and ill-disciplined. Several different "talents" are known from antiquity. Did Rome win all three Punic Wars? [255][266] The Carthaginians continued to resist vigorously: they constructed warships and during the summer twice gave battle to the Roman fleet, losing both times. Yale University. [131] To prevent this, in 240BC Spendius tortured 700 Carthaginian prisoners to death and henceforth the war was pursued with great brutality. Though its invasion of North Africa that same year ended in defeat, Rome refused to give up, and in 241 B.C. It was made up of three hundred patricians who were elected for life. [22] During this period of Roman expansion Carthage, with its capital in what is now Tunisia, had come to dominate southern Iberia, much of the coastal regions of North Africa, the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia and the western half of Sicily in a thalassocracy. [245][246] Unlike most battles of the Second Punic War, the Romans had superiority in cavalry and the Carthaginians in infantry. [281] A century later, the site of Carthage was rebuilt as a Roman city by Julius Caesar; it became one of the main cities of Roman Africa by the time of the Empire. They were a fertile place to grow crops and raise livestock. In the century prior to the Punic Wars, boarding had become increasingly common and ramming had declined, as the larger and heavier vessels adopted in this period increasingly lacked the speed and manoeuvrability necessary to ram effectively, while their sturdier construction reduced a ram's effect on them even in case of a successful attack. Updates? These wars were fought on three frontiers. Omissions? The Punic Wars were caused by the competing interests of Carthage and Rome. [160] At the battle of the Rhone Crossing Hannibal defeated a force of local Gauls which sought to bar his way. In 207BC, after recruiting heavily in Gaul, Hasdrubal crossed the Alps into Italy in an attempt to join his brother, Hannibal, but was defeated before he could. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. [273] The next morning the Romans started systematically working their way through the residential part of the city, killing everyone they encountered and firing the buildings behind them. First Punic War, also called First Carthaginian War, (264-241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in the destruction of Carthage. Carthage was also forced to give up its fleet and pay a large indemnity in silver to Rome. [111] Carthage turned to the maritime offensive, inflicting another heavy naval defeat at the battle of Phintias and all but swept the Romans from the sea. [119] Goldsworthy describes Roman manpower losses as "appalling". Rome underwent economic changes that resulted in the establishment of the practice of Roman aristocrats paying extra costs of the war in exchange for an exemption from military service. When asked why by his teacher Polybius, he replied, A glorious moment, Polybius; but I have a dread foreboding that some day the same doom will be pronounced on my own country., Imagining the eventual fall of Rome, he then quoted an ancient line from Homer: A day will come when sacred Troy shall perish, and Priam and his people shall be slain.. Both were wealthy cities competing for land. How did patricians satisfy people at the end of the Roman Republic? [276][277], The remaining Carthaginian territories were annexed by Rome and reconstituted to become the Roman province of Africa with Utica as its capital. [68], All warships were equipped with rams, a triple set of 60-centimetre-wide (2ft) bronze blades weighing up to 270 kilograms (600lb) positioned at the waterline. Last modified April 18, 2018. [63][87] The Carthaginians were again beaten;[88] this was possibly the largest naval battle in history by the number of combatants involved. Ben Kiernan. During the Pyrrhic War of 280275BC, against a king of Epirus who alternately fought Rome in Italy and Carthage on Sicily, Carthage provided materiel to the Romans and on at least one occasion used its navy to ferry a Roman force. They elected people to represent them in government. Trade competition led to conflict between social classes. Carthage was also to pay Rome a war debt of 200 talents every year for fifty years. ), or Marcus Antonius, was an ally of Julius Caesar and the main rival of his successor Octavian (later Augustus). The Battle of the Metaurus (207 BCE) was a military engagement Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in Scipio Africanus Major (l. 236-183 BCE) received his epithet due Carthage Must Be Destroyed: The Rise and Fall of an Ancient Civilization Intelligence Activities in Ancient Rome: Trust in the Gods but Verify, Livy: The Early History of Rome, Books I-V. During the long 23 years of conflict, Rome lost over 600 ships, Carthage at least 500. Punic Wars, or Carthaginian Wars, Three wars (264241, 218201, 149146 bce) between Rome and Carthage. [151], In 219BC a Carthaginian army under Hannibal besieged, captured and sacked Saguntum[note 12][140][152] and in spring 218BC Rome declared war on Carthage. After one campaign they were ready to sue for peace, but the terms which the Roman commander Marcus Atilius Regulus offered were intolerably harsh. Military expansion drove economic growth, bringing slaves and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture. Which natural feature is the closest to the city of Rome? The first Punic War (264-261 BCE) began when Rome decided to get involved in a skirmish in Sicily, which was currently Carthage territory. The general population of the Roman society increased, causing lots of "poor plebs" to be present. Carthage's new allies felt little sense of community with Carthage, or even with each other. First Punic War (264-241 B.C.) It took place from 218 BC to 201 BC. Carthage and Rome came into conflict as they sought to expand; Rome defeated Carthage in the three Punic Wars. The treaties of friendship between Rome and Carthage were based mainly on trade. The Punic Wars: (264-241, 218-202, 149-146 B.C.). Hamilcar was surnamed Barca (meaning `lightning') because of his speed in attacking anywhere and the suddenness of the action. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. A second Roman fleet, which subsequently reached Africa after defeating the full Carthaginian fleet off Cape Hermaeum (Shark Peninsula), withdrew all the remaining troops. The Republic at War (218-201BC) The Second Punic War was an unprecedented challenge for the Romans in a variety of ways, one being the multiple theatres in which it was fought. The Roman senator Cato the Elder took the threat so seriously that he would end all of his speeches, no matter the subject, with the phrase, And, further, I think that Carthage should be destroyed. In 149 BCE Rome sent an embassy to Carthage suggesting exactly that course: that the city should be dismantled and moved inland away from the coast. [223], The Roman fleet continued on from Massala in the autumn of 218BC, landing the army it was transporting in north-east Iberia, where it won support among the local tribes. [236] Later the same year a mutiny broke out among Roman troops, which attracted support from Iberian leaders, disappointed that Roman forces had remained in the peninsula after the expulsion of the Carthaginians, but it was effectively put down by Scipio. Interests of Carthage in 146 B.C. ) because of his speed in attacking anywhere and main... First large fleet of standard battleships Italy had turned against Rome, although there were exceptions! Offering battle resist in the entire Mediterranean prevent Hannibals soldiers from subsisting off the land Rome,... [ 125 ] Henceforth Rome considered itself the leading military power in the western Mediterranean crossing... Expansion after the signing of the action to confront Hannibal, who accepted battle on how did the punic wars affect carthage open near. 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