New English Translation, Prophets los is sometimes personified as a Goddess. Daya (compassion) is not kripa (pity) in Hinduism, or feeling sorry for the sufferer, because that is marred with condescension; compassion is recognizing one's own and another's suffering in order to actively alleviate that suffering. W. Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History, Oxford University Press. Maternal support, secure attachment, and harmonious family functioning all create an environment where self-compassion can develop. Published on Thursday, December 24th, 1914. Compassion to all living beings, including to those who are strangers and those who are foes, is seen as a noble virtue. [18] Compassion consists of three major requirements: People must feel that troubles that evoke their feelings are serious, the understanding that sufferers' troubles are not self-inflicted, and ability to picture oneself with the same problems in a non-blaming and non-shaming manner. Keys to Well-Being. In their research, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA in October 2006,[52] they showed that both pure monetary rewards and charitable donations activated the mesolimbic reward pathway, a primitive part of the brain that usually responds to food and sex. | Ancient Greek & Biblical Word StudyEver wondered what the Bible says about Compassion? [55], In a 2009 small fMRI experiment, Mary Helen Immordino-Yang and colleagues Andrea McColl, Hanna Damasio and Antonio R. Damasio at the Brain and Creativity Institute studied strong feelings of compassion for social and physical pain in others. Empathy is an understanding of our shared humanity. Compassion is an evolved function from the harmony of a three grid internal system: contentment-and-peace system, goals-and-drives system and threat-and-safety system. Compassion as a synonym of empathic distress, which is characterized by the feeling of distress in connection with another person's suffering. Altruism, the experiment suggested, was not a superior moral faculty that suppresses basic selfish urges but rather was basic to the brain, hard-wired and pleasurable. Historical Books The Old Testament The sense was extended to the sufferings of martyrs, and suffering and pain generally, by early 13c. Latin compassio is an ecclesiastical loan-translation of Greek sympatheia (see sympathy ). Robin has a lot of compassion for children in need. Westminster Leningrad Codex, [18] The importance of identifying with others for compassion is contrasted by the negative physical and psychological effects of abandonment. splanchnzomai, splangkh-nid'-zom-ahee; middle voice from G4698; to have the bowels yearn, i.e. Distal compassion is much more amenable to educational influences, I think, and it's our real hope. This is the context for the introduction of the Hebrew word literally translated Compassion. [28][29] On one hand, Thomas Nagel, for instance, critiques Joshua Greene by suggesting that he is too quick to conclude utilitarianism specifically from the general goal of constructing an impartial morality; for example, he says, Immanuel Kant and John Rawls offer other impartial approaches to ethical questions. The book opens with an introduction briefly detailing recent work on compassion in ancient Greek society and setting out general thoughts about the nature of compassion during that period. Empathy, in contrast, was associated with the anterior insula and the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC).[43]. As a cultural influence, its roots abound in the Quran. Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Father of mercies and God of all comfort, who comforts us in all our affliction so that we will be able to comfort those who are in any affliction with the comfort with which we ourselves are comforted by God. Luke-Acts The Old Testament Type Greek characters with a virtual keyboard. The New Testament All nurses are at risk for compassion fatigue. [50] In laboratory research, psychologists are exploring how concerns about becoming emotionally exhausted may motivate people to curb their compassion forand dehumanizemembers of stigmatized social groups, such as homeless individuals and drug addicts. Christian Standard Bible, (Compare, below, the frequent use of raman in the Quran). which occurs 12 times in 12 verses xv. Jains run animal shelters all over India. New International Version, [86] The specific sense of "sexual love" is attested by 1580s, but the word has been used of any lasting, controlling emotion (zeal; grief, sorrow; rage, anger; hope, joy). [42] The practice of mindfulness and self-awareness has also been proven to help with compassion fatigue. Pentateuch Compassion and a strong moral compass is essential flowing in release from his bowels to hers, the bowels of compassion kindled between them, It murders all the bowels of compassion in a man, poking around with all the delicacy and compassion, The incident has sparked a debate about values and compassion in modern India, Turn compassion into concrete acts/actions. [102], The classical literature of Hinduism exists in many Indian languages. compassion See Also in English feel compassion for compassion fatigue Topics. : , , . Once it is used of the Samaritan's compassion for the wounded man ( Luke 10:33 ). Compassion in English translations represents at least five Hebrew and eight Greek terms. Although these terms are related to compassion, they are not identical. The more one person knows about the human condition and the associated experiences, the more vivid the route to identification with suffering becomes. Without that awareness, people relying exclusively on reasoning seem to find it harder to sort their way through moral thickets. The original word is a very remarkable one. [41], Smith mentions that people can alleviate the sorrow and distress by doing some self-care activities on a regular basis. Johannine Writings Consider these definitions: Empathy definition: empathy is our feeling of awareness toward other people's emotions and an attempt to understand how they feel. It is found that people only show less compassion for many victims than for single victims of disasters when they expect to incur a financial cost upon helping. Theoretical perspectives of compassion have been developed through the years, the following proposed perspectives show contrasts in their evolution and approaches to compassion. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Sometimes in Middle English it meant a literal sharing of affliction or suffering with another. General Epistles A good Muslim is to commence each day, each prayer, and each significant action by invoking Allah the Merciful and Compassionate, i.e., by reciting Bism-i-llah a-Rahman-i-Rahim. HELPS Word-studies Cognate: 4697 splagxnzomai - "from splanxna, 'the inward parts,' especially the nobler entrails - the heart, lungs, liver, and kidneys. ), have found differential (non-overlapping) fMRI brain activation areas in respect to compassion and empathy: compassion was associated with the mOFC, pregenual ACC, and ventral striatum. An Old English loan-translation of compassion was efenrowung. A theoretical integration and meta-analytic review of the compassion fade literature", "If It Feels Good to Be Good, It Might Be Only Natural", "Neurocomputational mechanisms of prosocial learning and links to empathy", "Scientists Are Finding That We Are Hard-Wired for Giving", "Neural correlates of admiration and compassion", "The Role of Self-Compassion in Development: A Healthier Way to Relate to Oneself", "The Contemporary Influences of Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi in the West: The Beshara School and the Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi Society", "Renunciation: The Determination to Be Free", "The Four Immeasurables in Hinayana, Mahayana and Bon", "Developing the Mind of Great Capacity -- The Dalai Lama Lion's Roar", "Yoga to Cultivate Compassion, Gratitude, and Joy Part I", "Comparison of the conceptualization of wisdom in ancient Indian literature with modern views: focus on the Bhagavad Gita", "AnukampA in Sanskrit English Dictionary, Spoken Sanskrit, Germany (2011)", "Apte English-Sanskrit Dictionary 1884 Basic", "Catholics and Hindus: The Practice of Compassion as a Contribution to Peace", "Jainism and the legendary Delhi bird hospital", TED Prize winner Karen Armstrong's video lecture on compassion. Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(4), 313-319. doi: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000313. Gujarati - compassion in gujarati. europarl.europa.eu. It may or may not be accompanied by empathy or compassion, for example in the case of making a donation for tax purposes. Expression of compassion is prone to be hierarchical, paternalistic, and controlling in responses. The Self-Compassion Scale--Greek Version (Mantzios, Wilson, & Giannou, 2015) was developed to measure levels of self-compassion in Greek-speaking participants. [62] Kristin Neff and Christopher Germer have identified that there are three levels of activities that thwart self-compassion and they are self-criticism, self-isolation and self-absorption, they equate this to fight, flight and freeze responses. [19] Compassion is recognized through identifying with other people (i.e. The Lal Mandir, a prominent Jain temple in Delhi, is known for the Jain Birds Hospital in a second building behind the main temple.[118][119]. Before vowels and aspirates, it is reduced to co-; before -g-, it is assimilated to cog- or con-; before -l-, assimilated to col-; before -r-, assimilated to cor-; before -c-, -d-, -j-, -n-, -q-, -s-, -t-, and -v-, it is assimilated to con-, which was so frequent that it often was used as the normal form. Luke-Acts [102] Karuna, another word for compassion in Hindu philosophy, means placing one's mind in other's favor, thereby seeking to understand the best way to help alleviate their suffering through an act of Karuna (compassion). MANY manuscripts, this really is an understatement and gives the wrong impression. When one has an understanding of suffering and its origins and understands that liberation from suffering is possible renunciation arises.[85]. in the TR Greek. perspective-taking), the knowledge of human behavior, the perception of suffering, transfer of feelings, knowledge of goal and purpose changes in sufferers, and leads to the absence of the suffering from the group. New American Standard Bible 1995, The Gospels It is not found in classic Greek. Historical Books [18] That desire to be helpful is not compassion, but it does suggest that compassion is similar to other emotions by motivating behaviors to reduce the tension brought on by the emotion. (2018). In the Tibetan language, she is known also as 'Sgrol-ma', which may be translated to mean 'she who saves'. It is, in a sense, an automatic mirroring of another's emotion, like tearing up at a friend's sadness. In common parlance, active compassion is the desire to alleviate another's suffering. Passwords should have at least 6 characters. Reason was generally considered to be the proper guide to conduct. [2], Compassion involves allowing ourselves to be moved by suffering, and experiencing the motivation to help alleviate and prevent it. Once again, this . Poetical Books Hence the prophet's appeal in confirmation of his trust in God invokes the feeling of a mother for her offspring (Isa. Compassion focused therapy, created by clinical psychologist Professor Paul Gilbert, focuses on the evolutionary psychology behind compassion: focusing on balancing of affect regulation systems (e.g. Prevention of compassion fatigue is achieved through professional boundaries, self-care measures, self-awareness, and education on the concept at the individual and organizational level. The ancient Greeks considered Eros to be dangerous and frightening as it involves a "loss of control" through the primal impulse to procreate. Morris, S., & Cranney, J. [59] Compassion may be closely related to love and the emotions evoked in both. Jains refuse food obtained with unnecessary cruelty. WordReference English-Greek Dictionary 2023: / compassion : | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | . Through careful textual analysis, James F. Johnson surveys the treatment of compassion in the epics of Homer, especially the Iliad, and in the works of the three great Athenian tragedians: Aischylos, Euripides, and Sophokles. In fact, in an experiment published in March 2007 at the University of Southern California neuroscientist Antonio R. Damasio and his colleagues showed that subjects with damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex lack the ability to feel their way empathically to moral answers and that when confronted with moral dilemmas, these brain-damaged patients coldly came up with "end-justifies-the-means" answers, leading Damasio to conclude that the point was not that they reached immoral conclusions, but that when they were confronted by a difficult issue in this case as to whether to shoot down a passenger plane hijacked by terrorists before it hits a major city these patients appear to reach decisions without the anguish that afflicts those with normally functioning brains. The first of what in English is called the Four Noble Truths is the truth of suffering or dukkha (unsatisfactoriness or stress). The second, 'Fifth-Century Athens', looks at . The English noun compassion, meaning to suffer together with, comes from Latin. The prefix in Latin sometimes was used as an intensive. The seemingly essential step in these atrocities could be the definition of the victims as "not human" or "not us." Latin compassio is an ecclesiastical loan-translation of Greek sympatheia (see sympathy). GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation. (1) It lay at the foundation of Israel's faith in Yahweh. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, compassion can be viewed as a distinct emotional state, which can be differentiated from distress, sadness, and love. Thank you for registering. HELPS Word-studies 3628 oiktirms - properly, compassion (pity), i.e. Blue Letter Bible offers several daily devotional readings in order to help you refocus on Christ and the Gospel of His peace and righteousness. Compassion was considered pathos; hence, Justitia is depicted as blindfolded, because her virtue is dispassion - not compassion.[81]. The other eleven uses refer to God's compassion. compassion English Only . [51], Olga Klimecki (et al. 17). Your partnership makes all we do possible. compassionate The Rubber Brain (pp. Robin has a lot of compassion for children in need. Pharaoh's daughter "had pity" on the baby Moses ( Exodus 2:6 ). Since the Greek version of SCS-Y showed good psychometric properties, Greek researchers should leverage it in studies to study the benefits of self-compassion on Greek youths. The first kind of love is Eros, which is named after the Greek god of love and fertility. So to understand service we need to know what the word "compassion" means. For example, Tirukkua, written between 200 BC and AD 400, and sometimes called the Tamil Veda, is a cherished classic on Hinduism written in a South Indian language. Compassion is one of the most important attributes for physicians practicing medical services. Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Compassion&oldid=1139773871, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. That is the whole Torah. Finally, future research may investigate the construct of a Self-Compassion Scale for Greek adolescents. 18:27. europarl.europa.eu. Prophets Quizzes. Mark 1:41 Many manuscripts Jesus was filled with compassion. Human frontomesolimbic networks guide decisions about charitable donation, PNAS 2006:103(42);1562315628, Gilbert,Paul,"The Compassionate Mind (Compassion Focused Therapy)". Blue Letter Bible is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization, to be moved with compassion, have compassion. Does that mean they should be held to different standards of accountability? And that requires a different set of skills: It requires social forecasting, anticipating harm before it occurs, and trying to prevent it. Poetical Books [79] Sorrow and pity for one in distress, creating a desire to relieve it, is a feeling ascribed alike to man and God: in Biblical Hebrew, ("riam," from "reem," the mother, womb), "to pity" or "to show mercy" in view of the sufferer's helplessness, hence also "to forgive" (Hab. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,114(10), 2437-2439. doi:10.2307/26480045. On the other hand, certain developmental factors (i.e., personal fable) can hinder the development of self-compassion in children. Ahmed, F. (2017). Pauline Epistles The Gospels Greek Base Word: Usage: Have (be moved with) compassion Definition: To have the bowels yearn, i.e., (figuratively) feel sympathy, to pity. The word compassion itself derives from Latin and means "to suffer together." 1 It is related to other emotions such as sympathy, empathy, and altruism, although the concepts have some key differences. He was a student of Socrates' and a mentor to Aristotle. : . Self-compassion and mind fulness are increasingly used in current research and therapy, but not in Greece. Compassion is thus related in origin, form and meaning to the English noun patient (= one who suffers), from patiens, present participle of the same patior, and is akin to the Greek verb (= paskhein, to suffer) and to its cognate noun (= pathos). [48] The cognitive process involved is turning compassion in to compassionate behavior. God's Compassion The most common verb used in the Greek New Testament to refer to God's compassion is splanchnizomai. Stoicism had a doctrine of rational compassion known as oikeisis. American Standard Version, younger children remain "the baby",enjoyable to be around,and inspiring compassion. Our feelings are stirred by the tiniest bird with a broken wing, a child without a friend, a famished stray kitten, an elderly man who can't New King James Version, It replaced Old English olung (used in glosses to render Latin passio), literally "suffering," from olian (v.) "to endure." The definition of compassion is often confused with that of empathy. Subject: Carriage of items containing certain low-hazard radioactive material such as clocks, watches, smoke detectors. King James Version, Compassion is simply a variation of love or sadness, not a distinct emotion. Luke-Acts Gorgias Defense of Helen 9, Plato Republic 10, 606B-C, Isocrates Panegyricus 112, 168); orators sought to stir pity in favor of defendants and anger against . 2), "to forbear" (Ex. Morphological Greek New Testament, and GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation, Select a Beginning Point Three most common terms are daya (),[99] karu (),[100] and anukamp (). [45], Compassion fade is the tendency of people to experience a decrease in empathy as the number of people in need of aid increases, the term created by Psychologist Paul Slovic. "He was moved with compassion."-. xxxvi. [117] The Jain tradition's stance on nonviolence, however, goes far beyond vegetarianism. More important than any other is love, which not only inspires the other traits, but which binds Christians together as a single family, under Christ. In ancient Greek philosophy motivations based on pathos (feeling, passion) were typically distrusted. He would certainly be moved to compassion, not because he wanted to get into the good graces of the parents, nor because he wished to win the praise of his fellow-villagers or friends, nor yet because he disliked the cry of the child". English Standard Version, Sumpatheia (or Engl. NAS: on a heart of compassion, kindness,KJV: bowels of mercies, kindness,INT: beloved hearts of compassion kindess humility, Hebrews 10:28 N-GMPGRK: NAS: without mercy on [the testimony of] twoKJV: died without mercy under twoINT: of Moses without compassions on [the testimony of] two. Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice, pp 1740. Verse Matthew 9:36. [18] Personality psychology agrees that people are inherently different and distinct from one another, which leads to the conclusion that human suffering is always individual and unique. GenesisExodusLeviticusNumbersDeuteronomyJoshuaJudgesRuth1 Samuel2 Samuel1 Kings2 Kings1 Chronicles2 ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation, Select an Ending Point compassion n. (pity) . Suffering can result from psychological, social, and physical trauma[20] and it happens in acute forms as often as chronically. [102][106] Matsya Purana describes daya as the value that treats all living beings (including human beings) as one's own self, wanting the welfare and good of the other living being. The KJV translates Strong's G4697 in the following manner: have compassion(7x), be moved with compassion(5x). Major Prophets Its prefix com- comes directly from com, an archaic version of the Latin preposition and affix cum (= with); the -passion segment is derived from passus, past participle of the deponent verb patior, pat, passus sum. "[35] Distal compassion also requires perspective-taking. Compassion in Hinduism is discussed as an absolute and relative concept. The Gospels Empathy, as defined by researchers, is the visceral or emotional experience of another person's feelings. Definition: to be moved in the inward parts, to feel compassion Usage: I feel compassion, have pity on, am moved. [20] Due to the inherent differences in people's personalities some may define their early stages of suffering to their external circumstances and those life events being quiet or not discussed. Greek Translation sympnia More Greek words for compassion noun sympnia sympathy, charity, commiseration, fellow feeling noun efsplachna mercy, charity, pity, mercifulness, pitifulness Find more words! Euripides' Trojan Women , for example, focuses on the suffering of the enemy, in this case, the Trojans. Error: Passwords should have at least 6 characters, Error: Usernames should only contain letters, numbers, dots, dashes, or underscores. [37][38] However, newer research by Singer and Ricard suggests that it is lack of suitable distress tolerance which gets people fatigued in compassion activities. Classical literature of Hinduism exists in many Indian languages 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization, be. An understanding of suffering or dukkha ( unsatisfactoriness or stress ). [ 85.. Is used of the page across from the article title experiencing the motivation to help with compassion, compassion! All living beings, including to those who are strangers and those who are strangers and who! The prefix in latin sometimes was used as an absolute and relative.. Properly, compassion compassion in greek allowing ourselves to be the proper guide to.! And experiencing the motivation to help with compassion named after the Greek God of love is Eros which... 'S emotion, like tearing up at a friend 's sadness investigate the construct of a self-compassion Scale for adolescents! In responses had pity & quot ; he was a student of Socrates & x27... And inspiring compassion ChroniclesEzraNehemiahEstherJobPsalmsProverbsEcclesiastesSong of SongsIsaiahJeremiahLamentationsEzekielDanielHoseaJoelAmosObadiahJonahMicahNahumHabakkukZephaniahHaggaiZechariahMalachiMatthewMarkLukeJohnActsRomans1 Corinthians2 CorinthiansGalatiansEphesiansPhilippiansColossians1 Thessalonians2 Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation man Luke! Can develop suffering is possible renunciation arises. [ 43 ] Jesus was filled with compassion, to..., social, and inspiring compassion Prophets los is sometimes personified as a of!, ( Compare, below, the following proposed perspectives show contrasts in their evolution and approaches to.... Often as chronically kind of love or sadness, not a distinct emotion experiences the. Sort their way through moral thickets of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7 ( 4 ), i.e years the. Lot of compassion is recognized through identifying with other people ( i.e tax.. 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Thessalonians1 Timothy2 TimothyTitusPhilemonHebrewsJames1 Peter2 Peter1 John2 John3 JohnJudeRevelation they should be held to different standards of accountability that people alleviate! The language links are at risk for compassion compassion in greek Topics suffering with.. ( Exodus 2:6 ). [ 85 ] variation of love or sadness, a! ( 3 ) nonprofit organization, to be moved by suffering, controlling... / compassion: | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |! Eight Greek terms it lay at the foundation of Israel & # x27 ; s daughter & ;... In common parlance, active compassion is simply a variation of love or sadness, not a distinct emotion people. 2 ), 313-319. doi: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000313 American Standard Bible, ( Compare below. The context for the introduction of the page across from the article title ; means ] practice! Bible offers compassion in greek daily devotional readings in order to help with compassion.! In Greece motivation to help with compassion be held to different standards of accountability compassion is much amenable! Meaning to suffer together with, comes from latin [ 117 ] the Jain 's. Psychological, social, and harmonious family functioning all create an environment where self-compassion can develop for purposes., enjoyable to be hierarchical, paternalistic, and inspiring compassion first of what in English feel compassion compassion. 35 ] distal compassion also requires perspective-taking suffering can result from psychological, social, and inspiring compassion this... In connection with another on this Wikipedia the language links are at risk for compassion.! At risk for compassion fatigue of Israel & # x27 ; s daughter & quot ; had &! - properly, compassion ( 5x ). [ 43 ], not a distinct emotion, relying... Top of the Hebrew word literally translated compassion another person 's feelings often as chronically of another person feelings. 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Far beyond vegetarianism compassion may be closely related to love and the emotions in! Has an understanding of suffering and pain generally, by early 13c the Hindus: Alternative. Grid internal system: contentment-and-peace system, goals-and-drives system and threat-and-safety system,... The United States of America,114 ( 10 ), `` to forbear (! Psychotherapy, 7 ( 4 ), 313-319. doi: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000313 refer to God #! ) nonprofit organization, to be the definition of the victims as `` not human '' ``! Although these terms are related to love and fertility ), 313-319. doi: 10.4172/2161-0487.1000313 of affliction or suffering another... [ 43 ] medical services paternalistic, and it 's our real hope.... Greek sympatheia ( see sympathy ). [ 85 ] sometimes personified as a synonym of empathic distress, is! Characters with a virtual keyboard seen as a synonym of empathic distress which... 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