608p. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1990. (Contributions to Southeast Asian ethnography, no. Lamotte, tienne. The Sthaviras evidently saw a need to expand the Vinaya to meet changing conditions. 199-214 Hamilton Asia NX577 .A78 1991, Shukla, M.S. Trumbull, CT : Weatherhill Hamilton Asia ND2832.6.Z9 P343 2003, Bechert, Heinz (1995), 'To be a Burmese is to be a Buddhist': Buddhism in Burma, In: Heinz, Bechert; Gombrich, Richard Francis, eds. *Sri Lanka was not ruled as a unified island. In South and Southeast Asia, Buddhist monks were and still are teachers to the peoplenot only in religious matters but also in the realm of basic educationparticularly in Myanmar. Takatani, M (1982). Kaiska, the best known of the Ka kings, supported Buddhist monasticism. Leiden: Brill, 1980. 56-88 Hamilton Asia BL50 .T72, Saibaba, V.V.S. The Shailendra dynasty, which ruled over the Malay Peninsula and a large section of Indonesia from the 7th century to the 9th century, promoted the Mahayana and Tantric forms of Buddhism. International Seminar for UNESCO Integral Study of the Silk Roads: Roads of Dialogue. 322p. (1993), Buddhist trends in Southeast Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 188 p. (Social issues in Southeast Asia) Hamilton Asia BQ410 .B8 1993, Loofs, H.H.E. Women most often did not have access to monastic education. (1992), Revival without revivalism: the case of the Buddhists of Malaysia, Sojourn: Social Issues in Southeast Asia (Singapore) 7, no.2 (Aug) 326-335, Liow, Woon Khin Benny (1989) Buddhist temples and association in Penang, 1845-1948Journal of the Malaysian Branch, Royal Asiatic Society (Kuala Lumpur) 62, no.1 57-87, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1990), Buddhism among the Siamese of Kelantan: minority religion in a Muslim state, Jurnal Antropologi dan Sosiologi (Kuala Lumpur) 18 55-69, Muhammad Kamal Hassan (1977) A brief survey of Buddhist ascetic practicesAkademika (Kuala Lumpur) no.10 (Jan) 67-76, Vijaya Samarawickrama (2001) Bar Council Malaysia seminar on freedom of religion: the Buddhist view, INSAF: The Journal of the Malaysian Bar (Kuala Lumpur) Special issue 43-54, MALAYSIA : BOOKS, OR BOOK CHAPTERSMohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993), Two faces of Buddhism: Chinese participation in Thai Theravada temples in Kelantan, In: Cheu, Hock Tong, ed. The earliest solutions for the communities were the Poadha (the twice-monthly rules [prtimoka] recitation ceremony) and, eventually, regular collective meetings for group rituals, practice, and instruction. The art and culture of South-East Asia. Encyclopedia of Religion. 161-169 Hamilton Asia BQ5400 .B84 1994, Chatsumarn Kabilsingh (1998), Buddhism and nature conservation, Bangkok, Thailand : Thammasat University Press, Hamilton Asia BQ4570 .N3 C43 1998, Christie, Anthony H. (1989), Buddhism in Southeast Asia: an anecdotal survey, In: Skorupski, Tadeusz, ed. Buddhism in early 21st-century Southeast Asia is often described as Theravada Buddhism, in contrast to Mahayana Buddhism found farther to the north and east. Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1978. During the division of India into small kingdoms in the Pla era (6501250), Buddhist monasteries consolidated into larger monastic institutions because of a lack of pan-Indian institutionalized support structures and because of the destruction of major Gupta monastic centers by invading armies. Buddhism [CDATA[ 109-119 Hamilton Asia BQ6343.B67 B37, Brown, I.E.M. Yangon: s.n., 1999. various pagings. 23 Feb. 2023 . (1982), Barabudur: a Buddhist mystery in stone, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 430p., 20p. 1990 113-124; also in CONTRIB SE AS ETHNOL no.9 (Dec 1990) 113-124 Hamilton Asia GN635.A75 C66 no.9, de Casparis, J.G. 2000 47-68 Hamilton Asia HQ1745.8 .O83 2000, Thompson, Ashley (1998), The ancestral cult in transition: reflections on spatial organization in Cambodia's early Theravada complex In: Klokke, Marijke J.; Bruijn, Thomas de, eds. Starting shortly after the beginning of the Common Era, in the Later Han Dynasty, monasteries developed to become an essential part of Chinese society. Monasteries spread with official support in Mgadha, Bihar, r Lak, and Southeast Asia in the early years after Buddha's death. impact of competing social, political, and religious institutions and values has weakened . Horner, Isaline B., trans. Boston, Mass: G.K. Hall, 1988. Monasticism flourished in Northwest India under the Ka kings, and as time went on Buddhist monasticism spread along the central Asian trade routes into China, Korea, Japan, Southeast Asia, and Tibet. Buddhist monastic rituals, vernacular religious forms (Shugend mountain cults, Shinto lineages), rituals of bodily transformation involving sexual. Besides, archaeological findings in Beikthano situated in the western regions of modern Myanmar revealed a Buddhist stupa (Buddhist monument) having similarities with a stupa in Amaravathi in the eastern coasts of the Indian Subcontinent. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. The northern part of what is now Vietnam had been conquered by the Chinese empire in 111 bce and remained under Chinese rule until 939 ce. (1982), Observations of the role of the Gandavyuha in the design of Barabudur, In: Gomez, Luis; Woodward, Hiram W. Jr., eds. 178p. On the contrary, the cultures that arose in these three vast areas might better be thought of as alternative developments that occurred within a greater Austroasiatic civilization, sometimes called the Asia of the monsoons. 220p. Yangon: Universities Historical Research Centre, 1996. Institutional centres for religious leadership, Other organizational or institutional types, Varieties of monasticism in the religions of the world. In modern Indonesia and Malaysia, Buddhism exists as a living religion primarily among the Chinese minority, who in the early 21st century constituted about one-quarter of the population and were recognized by the constitution as Buddhist. 428p. An equal opportunity/affirmative action institution. Delhi: B.R. 165-183 Hamilton Asia BL1950.A785 C445 1993, Mohamed Yusoff Ismail (1993) Buddhism and ethnicity : social organization of a Buddhist temple in Kelantan / Singapore : ISEAS, Hamilton Asia BQ549.K35 M69 1993, Nagata, Judith (1995), Limits to the indigenisation of Buddhism in Malaysia, with a focus on the religious community in Penang, In: Rokiah Talib; Tan, Chee-Beng, eds. Heritage, tourism and local communities. Buddhist monasteries enjoyed the extensive support and protection of political authorities, and in turn monasteries offered religious services, education, and public legitimization. Buddhists monks and nuns who take vows are, in canonical terms, "pleased" (prasdita ) by their vows. The fundamental activity, however, remains meditation (Sanskrit dhyana, Pali jhana, from which is derived the schools of Buddhism known as Chan in China and Zen in Japan). Munster: Lit, 1994. The place of animism within popular Buddhism in Cambodia: the example of the monastery Asian folklore studies. Transitions and transformations of the history of religions: essays in honor of Joseph M. Kitagawa. Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery. Some monks managed their own finances, and in some places a special lay office was established at monasteries to handle donations and finances for monks. From Central Asia, they spread into China in the 2nd century CE. The point is that there were general meetings at which the doctrinal and disciplinary teachings were reviewed, codified, and sometimes modified to meet the exigencies of changing conditions. In Tibet, monasteries were often seats of religious and lay power. The Buddhist monastic lifestyle grew out of the lifestyle of earlier sects . London ; New York : Routledge Hamilton Asia BL1215.N34 G67 2001, Gunawardana, R.A.L.H. Penang: Aliran Kesdaran Negara, Aliran, 1991. Southeast Asia: women, changing social structure and cultural continuity. Buddhist spirituality: Indian, Southeast Asian, Tibetan, and early Chinese. In Tibet there were traditions of women pilgrims, ascetics, and even community leaders and teachers who were recognized by the community at large. There are indications that Vietnam was involved in the early sea trade between India, Southeast Asia, and China, and it is quite probable that Buddhism reached the country via this sea route near the beginning of the 1st millennium ce. "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism It demonstrates the reasons and methods of the initial spread of the doctrine within South Asia and from South Asia to Han and post-Han China. Munster: Lit, 1994. Hull, England: Centre for Southeast Asian Studies, University of Hull, 1998. Buddhism, like most Indian systems of thought, sees the world as a realm of transmigration, or reincarnation ( samsara ), from which one may escape by attaining nirvana. PARSIS (Prsis, also rendered as Parsees), "Persians," or Zoroastrians, from Iran who settled in the Indian subcontinent during the tenth cent, FOUNDED: c. 1050256 b.c.e. Dimensions of tradition and development in Malaysia. (1994), Authority and freedom of action in the (Burmese) Buddhist tradition, In: Gartner, Uta; Lorenz, Jens, eds. Vajrayana Buddhism is most closely identified with Tibetan Buddhism, however, it also influenced parts of Southeast Asia and East Asia. This apparent duality of active behavior and renunciative behavior, even in the context of settled monastic life, is one of the characteristics of Buddhist monastic behavior that continues throughout the history of the institution in many if not all its manifestations. In two of these (the region of Malaysia/Indonesia and the region on the mainland extending from Myanmar to southern Vietnam), the main connections have been with India and Sri Lanka via trade routes. Paris Hamilton Asia BL1445.B95 R33 1936, Reynolds, Frank E.; Clifford, Regina T. (1980), Sangha, society and the struggle for national integration: Burma and Thailand, In: Reynolds, Frank E. and Theodore M. Ludwig, eds. This accounts for the fact that the Udasi is now respected as equal to the most prestigious and ancient Hindu orders. Similarly, solitary or group pilgrimage to sacred sites, for example, was an accepted practice for Buddhist monks, as long as the monks stayed within the ethical and behavioral parameters. Barabudur: history and significance of a Buddhist monument. ." v.2, 223-235 Hamilton Asia DS528.5 .T74 1994, Yang, Guangyuan (2000), A cultural interpretation of the religious and sacrificial rites of the Dai personality, In: Hayashi, Yukio; Yang, Guangyuan, eds. In symbiosis with the laity, Buddhist monasticism has played a major role in the development of Buddhism in China. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/monasticism-buddhist-monasticism, "Monasticism: Buddhist Monasticism Although some scholars locate the Suvarnabhumi (Land of Gold), to which Ashokan missionaries were supposedly sent, somewhere on the Malay Peninsula or in Indonesia, this is probably not accurate. The world's religions. 30-42 Hamilton Asia DS 527.9 .C66 1995, Okudaira Ryuji (1989), Note on the Burmese Dhammathats or law texts and Buddhist polity in Burma / In Yoshihiro Tsubouchi (ed) The formation of urban civilization in Southeast Asia / Kyoto : Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Hamilton Asia HT147.A785 F67 1989, 'On` So` (1972), Historical sites in Burma [Rangoon] Ministry of Union Culture, Govt. (Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica, no.140.) 308p. (Berkeley Buddhist studies series, 2.) 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