The campaign was long and arduous, but by the end of 1944 the Japanese threat was contained in New Guinea. This deception effort proved successful. ATIS also published a how-to handbook on conservation treatment of captured records and produced a Document Restoration Kit for units in the field. When Germany and Italy declared war on the United States days later, America found itself in a global war. Thousands perished from starvation and disease; the commanding general, Horii, was drowned. As a result, a system of thorough Screening, i.e., the rapid examination of documents and the extraction (partial translations) therefrom of the more important material only, was given added prominence. The Netherlands, Britain and the United States tried to defend the colony from the Japanese forces as they moved south in late 1941 in search of Dutch oil. Hollandia was a port on the north coast of New Guinea, part of the Dutch East Indies, and was the only anchorage between Wewak to the east, and Geelvink Bay to the west. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. West Papua is the western half of the island of New Guinea, formerly known as Dutch New Guinea. [16] That summer a Document Restoration Sub-Section, staffed by six WACs (Womens Army Corps), including one officer, was established. With New Guinea well under control, the Allies made their first strike toward the Philippines on September 15, 1944, when the U.S. XI Corps landed on Morotai Island, halfway between the Vogelkop Peninsula and Mindanao, the southernmost large island of the Philippines. "[19] Thus was the overland threat to Port Moresby permanently removed. [43] The facilities in the area were designated Base G. Several higher headquarters were moved to the area, including those of the Sixth Army, Eighth Army, Fifth Air Force, and Seventh Fleet. By 1944 the school had outgrown these facilities and moved to nearby Fort Snelling. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. The headland was formed by the Cyclops Mountains, a mountain ridge rising steeply to 7,000 feet (2,100m) and was backed by Lake Sentani, extending 15 miles (24km) east to west. When the first thirty-five prisoners of war arrived in June 1942, after the Battle of Midway, Japanese interrogators had to be borrowed from other activities. Today known as Jayapura, in 1941 Hollandia (140.707E 2.543S) was the largest settlement in the Dutch half of New Guinea.It was located on the only really first-class natural harbor on the north coast of Dutch New Guinea, Humboldt Bay, though it had only primitive port facilities. Admiral Nimitz exploited the same intelligence advantage when he planned the next stage of the Navys campaign in the central Pacific. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . The landings took place at dawn on 22 April after a supporting naval bombardment at each site. [67], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}23158.8S 140431.2E / 2.533000S 140.717000E / -2.533000; 140.717000. By December 27, 1942, 1,100 Japanese documents had been received at the Advanced Land Headquarters, Brisbane, from the New Guinea area. [37], The Allies conducted a deception operation to ensure that the Japanese continued to believe that they would land at Hansa Bay rather than Hollandia. 17 with Allied and Japanese Operations Among Natives of Dutch New Guinea; No. Taking the airfield at Wau was a crucial step in this process, and to this end, the 51st Division was transferred from Indochina and placed under General Hitoshi Imamura's Eighth Area Army at Rabaul; one regiment arrived at Lae in early January 1943. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. The timely publication of 18 of these reports afforded a wealth of information preparatory to the invasion. Between November 1943 and March 1944 18 Squadron was ordered to prevent Japanese reinforcements reaching the north-east part of Papua and New Guinea. By 26 April, U.S. troops secured the two eastern airfields, and later that day linked up with forces advancing from the 24th Division advancing from Tanahmerah Bay. It made the term amphibious a household word throughout the English-speaking world. [6], The struggle for New Guinea began with the capture by the Japanese of the city of Rabaul at the northeastern tip of New Britain Island in January 1942 (the Allies responded with multiple bombing raids, of which the action off Bougainville was one). [60] A total of 7,200 Japanese troops assembled at Genjem and then attempted to withdraw overland to Sarmi; only around 1,000 reached their destination. Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. Translation of the official record by the Japanese Demobilization Bureaux detailing the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy's participation in the Southwest Pacific area of the, This page was last edited on 29 January 2023, at 09:02. [14] Some sources indicate the figure was 50 tons. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. [25] But fighters did provide cover for the transports, and for bombers when their targets were within range. Even before the war ended, ATIS was exploiting captured records for war crimes purposes. The quantity and type of documents captured from the Japanese varied widely. Rabaul became the forward base for the Japanese campaigns in mainland New Guinea, including the pivotal Kokoda Track campaign of July 1942 - January 1943, and the Battle of Buna-Gona. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. Most regrettable!!' Classes began November 1, 1941, with four instructors and 60 students in an abandoned airplane hangar at Crissy Field. Many of the captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in the SWPA. [15] The only Allied response was a bombing raid of Lae and Salamaua by aircraft flying over the Owen Stanley Range from the carriers USSLexington and USSYorktown, leading the Japanese to reinforce these sites. [3] Of these, only one was considered to be complete. [1] Among them were the Southeast Asia Translation and Interrogation Center (SEATIC)[2]; the Sino Translation and Interrogation Center (SINTIC)[3]; and, the Joint Intelligence Center, Pacific Ocean Areas (JICPOA). In March 1944, plans were developed for ATIS to be located in closer proximity to combat operations. The forces of the Southwest Pacific Area were ready to move on to the Philippines. The War Department Intelligence Service established a secret school at the Presidio of San Francisco to teach individuals to be Japanese-language interpreters and translators. A fire caused by Allied bombing continued to burn in the Japanese supply dump for several days and later attracted the attention of a Japanese bomber, which attacked the beach area late on 23 April, resulting in more fires and killing 24 and wounding 100 more. [24][25] The operation was the 24th Infantry Division's first combat assignment after home defense duties in Hawaii and training in Australia,[26] but the 41st Infantry Division had previously taken part in the fighting in New Guinea in 19421943. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . Found on the vessel were Japanese documents, including field orders and prisoner interrogation reports that indicated the Japanese knew when and where the American operation was to take place. 67 (Japanese Warships and Merchant Vessels Sunk, Damaged or not Previously Listed); No. Document numbers and a brief description including authority, title, date, area of reference and similar essential data were set forth under seventeen headings, such as 1) Diaries, Field; 5) Letters, Postcards; and 16) Technical Documents. He did successfully conduct the Western New Guinea campaign in 1944 which liberated much of Dutch New Guinea. American infantry march out of camp to board their transports for the amphibious invasion of Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 16 April 1944. [11] For the same reasons, General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Commander Allied Forces South West Pacific Area was determined to hold it. Tweet. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. The information contained in these reports were bibliographically indexed. First, with completion of the reduction of Rabaul, the South Pacific Area was closed as an active theatre, and Halsey left to take command of the U.S. 3rd Fleet. "[43], Marshal Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto promised the emperor that he would pay back the Allies for the disaster at the Bismarck Sea with a series of massive air strikes. formId: "13b57390-1d3c-43b8-b8c2-4570bb51abe4", A unified American-British-Dutch-Australian Command, ABDACOM, under Wavell, responsible for holding Malaya, Sumatra, Java, . In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . 5 captured many military documents. [9] Few combat units were stationed at Hollandia in early 1944. To the invaders from Japan, and the occupiers from Australia and the United States, however, New Guineans appeared as colonial subjects at best, and as slaves at worst. During July and August 1944 the Japanese 18th Army, based on Wewak, mounted an attack on Aitape, employing more than 20,000 troops in the forward area. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. The landing was supported by carrier-based aircraft of the U.S. 5th Fleet, which had also struck Japanese air installations at Wakde and Sarmi to the northwest. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. Also produced were ATIS Publications. In July and August 1945 CIC agents gathered more documents at Kweilin in southern China on the Gui River. The Pacific Strategy, 1941-1944. Blog of the Textual Records Division at the National Archives. region: "", After the occupation of Hollandia and Aitape the Allies were in a strong position, but they did not stop there. 255) Procedure in interrogating and handling [Allied] prisoners of war. Over 420 of these were published. JICPOA personnel also served, beginning in January 1945, at the Advance Intelligence Center (AIC), established at the CINCPAC Advance Headquarters at Guam. This airfield was of great value to the Australians during the fighting for northeast Papua. ATIS was directed to make available to the board any and all information having to do with the identification of Japanese war criminals. 84 dealt with The Japanese and Bacterial Warfare. To alleviate this difficulty, in July 1944, an officer was assigned for duty with ATIS for the purpose of organizing a sub-section to clean and restore documents making them more readily legible. Red 1 was found to be better, allowing LVTs and LCMs to come ashore with their infantry charges, but the approaches had to be cleared by engineers to allow the passage of the larger LCMs and even after this had been completed. [4], In early 1944, after the Huon Peninsula had been secured, the Allied South West Pacific Command determined that the area should be seized and developed into a staging post for their advance along the north coast of New Guinea into the Dutch East Indies and to the Philippines. Twelve of these were scheduled to be produced, beginning in March 1943. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. [34], Wau is a village in the interior of the Papuan peninsula, approximately 50 kilometres (30mi) southwest of Salamaua. In the early months of 1944, both at Bougainville and at Rabaul, large numbers of Japanese troops were effectively put out of action without being confronted in bloody combat. Singapore, the Dutch East Indies and New Guinea had already fallen, and all of Australia's security hopes premised upon Britain's Fortress Singapore ideology had collapsed. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. [33], Initial operations commenced in the second week of March 1944 with air raids by aircraft of the U.S. 5th Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force attacked Japanese airfields along the New Guinea coast from Wewak to the Vogelkop and on Biak Island. In the spring of 1944, ATIS received a document which, after being translated, proved to be of exceptional value and probably considerably shortened the war. During the Lae-Salamaua Operation in the summer of 1943 the Allies relied heavily on captured documents for intelligence information and planning. One company landed on White 2 and secured Cape Tjeweri, after which a group of 18 LVTs crossed the sandspit to land two more companies near Pim inside Jautefa Bay. [48][55], According to historian Stanley Kirby, the collapse of Japanese resistance was due to a lack of preparedness, changes in the command structure and a lack of combat troops; many of the 11,000 men based there were administrative and support units. The sinking of over 25,000 tones of Japanese ships earned the unit the nickname . SEATIC and SINTIC operating in Southeast Asia and China received and translated relatively large quantities of captured documents during the war. The translation of documents captured in the Southwest Pacific Area began with those taken in the Milne Bay operation in August 1942. MacArthur, the supreme commander in the area, also commanded all U.S. Army troops in the Southwest Pacific in his capacity as commanding general, U.S. Army Forces in the Far East. The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. He was succeeded in September 1942, by Capt. Combined Fleet, Third Fleet and Southeast Area Commanders. . The unit was in effect a miniature ATIS, with various sections, coordinating the production of translation and interrogation reports of immediate operation value. Coming from battle fields, crashed aircraft, graves, sunken ships and foxholes, many of them torn, defaced, water-soaked, soiled and charred, making them difficult or impossible to read. Gen. Robert C. Richardson became commanding general of U.S. Army Forces, Pacific Ocean Area, in which capacity he remained subordinate to Nimitzs operational control. [18] A large number of Japanese aircraft were stationed at airfields near Hollandia in March 1944. The Japanese invasion of the Dutch East Indies began on 10 January 1942, and the Imperial Japanese Army overran the entire colony in less than three months. Historians acknowledge that the deciphering of the Z Plan was one of the greatest single intelligence feats of the war in the South West Pacific Area. This information resulted in the Americans speeding up their invasion convoy by a day. While MacArthur sought eight days worth of support from the fleet's powerful fleet carriers, Nimitz would only agree to commit this force for two days after the landings. Reports were issued when sufficient information on any subject had been collated to warrant publication. [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. [27], The ground forces would be supported by two naval bombardment forces. 76, Part 4, Prominent Factors in Japanese Military Psychology.. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. Documents were first captured from a Japanese plane downed in the Pearl Harbor attack. After July 1944, however, documents, including published translations, were prepared under the imprint of CINCPAC-CINCPOA, and the title JICPOA was used only for administrative purposes. . 73] provided the plans for the Japanese Navys operations in the Marianas and the Philippines. 'We are repeating the failure of Guadalcanal. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. [41] After rehearsals and loading, on 16 to 18 April the amphibious forces sailed from their bases at Finschafen and Goodenough Island; they joined up with other ships carrying troops bound for Aitape from Seeadler Harbour and then rendezvoused with the escort aircraft carriers providing air cover off Manus Island early on 20 April. Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Counter Intelligence (X-2) personnel at Rangoon Burma seized, in the former Japanese Embassy, a mass of documentation on the Kempei Tai (Japanese Military Police), Japanese political intelligence organizations, spy schools, and other political and intelligence organizations. [6] See The Sinking of the Japanese Submarine I-1 off of Guadalcanal and the Recovery of its Secret Documents., [7] See A Letter from Somewhere in Burma, June 1944. The air defences consisted of P-39 and P-40 fighters. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. [8], The Japanese high command intended to hold Hollandia. After the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943, an abandoned lifeboat at Goodenough Island (northeast of New Guinea) from the Teiyo Maru was recovered and found in it was The Japanese Army List, dated October 15, 1942. Allied troops set up 105mm howitzer in Depapre New Guinea 1944. [16] In the resulting 48 May 1942 Battle of the Coral Sea, the Allies suffered higher losses in ships, but achieved a crucial strategic victory by turning the Japanese landing force back, thereby removing the threat to Port Moresby, at least for the time being. In January 1943 the Allied and the Japanese forces facing each other on New Guinea were like two battered heavyweights. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. It contained details of the proposed landing of Tama Group (full strength of one division) at Ormoc, Leyte, on November 1st. Allied planners believed that the two beaches were connected by a road, and that another road suitable for vehicle traffic ran inland towards Lake Sentani. [59], Operation Reckless was an unqualified success, as were the landings around Aitape under the guise of Operation Persecution. [9], The Japanese 8th Area Army (equivalent to an Anglo-American army), under General Hitoshi Imamura at Rabaul, was responsible for both the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns. As in most Pacific War campaigns, disease and starvation claimed more Japanese lives than enemy action. [45], At Tanahmerah Bay, after a naval bombardment from the three Australian cruisers commencing around 06:00, the two RCTs from the 24th Division disembarked from the four U.S. and Australian transports Henry T. Allen, Carter Hall, Kanimbla and Manoora and moved ashore aboard 16 LCIs. 9, Japanese-English Medical Dictionary; No. For this purpose, liaison was established and during July and August ATIS furnished the Board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations. The survivors were rescued by local villagers and handed over to Lieutenant Colonel Jim Cushing, US Army, the leader of the Philippine Guerrillas. Interestingly, one of the Japanese operational orders provided the instructions Utmost precautions will be taken to conceal the plan., In mid-March agents of the 40th CIC Detachment captured on Panay Island and Negros Island incriminating documents of Panays puppet governor. ATIS was established on September 19, 1942, and was headquartered in a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. This diary along with other documents relating to atrocities was used in the trials of Japanese war criminals. In December 1943, an operational order indicating the times and dates at which Japanese submarine were scheduled to appear in designated spots in the Arawe area, New Britain, was translated by ATIS and immediately forwarded to Naval Intelligence where prompt action was taken. Current Translations were publications containing complete translations of documents classified A, B, C, or D in ATIS Bulletins. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. The Allied reduction of Rabaul was only made possible by relentless air strikes that took place day after day, but Yamamoto thought the damage inflicted by a few attacks of large formations would derail Allied plans long enough for Japan to prepare a defense in depth. It was occupied by the Japanese during their invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942, who planned to use it as a base for their expansion towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua and New Guinea. 1944 battle between American and Japanese forces during World War II, "Securing New Guinea: The U.S. Navy in Operations Reckless and Persecution: 2122 April 1944", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hollandia&oldid=1132691020, South West Pacific theatre of World War II, Battles and operations of World War II involving Australia, Battles and operations of World War II involving Japan, Battles and operations of World War II involving the United States, Amphibious operations involving the United States, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 10 January 2023, at 02:36. The submarine picked up the documents on May 11th and sailed to Darwin. U.S. Army Air Forces, Pacific Ocean Area (except the B-29s) were placed under Lieut. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. At the same time, two sketches were captured at Tacloban, Leyte, which showed the disposition of the Japanese 16th Division. Ultimately, a major air and staging base was developed in the Hollandia area and most of the higher headquarters in the Southwest Pacific area established their command posts there during the summer of 1944. Interestingly enough, among these records was a complete listing of the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory. [18] For more information regarding the Z Plan see my article The Z Plan Story: Japans 1944 Naval Battle Strategy Drifts into U.S. Hands, Part I and Part II in Prologue, Vol. per cubic foot, this works out to 1,350 cubic feet of records. These documents, contrary to American intelligence, indicated that the Japanese were strongly entrenched on Parry and Eniwetok islands. This information was immediately translated, relayed to naval and air units, and, coordinated with the translation of a captured map showing enemy positions, resulted in the repulse of the enemy attack by naval and aerial bombardment. Researchers should, of course, use the National Archives Catalog. The Aussies were fighting mad, for they had found some of their captured fellows tied to trees and bayoneted to death, surmounted by the placard, 'It took them a long time to die'. Second, the Allies had become convinced that the Japanese were preparing a major seaborne reinforcement and so had stepped up their air searches. Allied casualties amounted to 157 killed and 1,057 wounded. Primary Image: The US pursued a two-pronged offensive across the central and southwest Pacific to . The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. [17], After this failure, the Japanese decided on a longer term, two-pronged assault for their next attempt on Port Moresby. Captured and sunken Japanese ships and boats also provided large quantities of documents, many of immediate value. It was not just ATIS that was engaged in captured Japanese records operations. The Japanese occupied the village with an initial force of 1,500 on 21 July and by 22 August had 11,430 men under arms at Buna. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [1] All of the various organizations widely disseminated the information contained in the captured records. An A B and C priority system was established; with A being documents of operational value; B being documents of probable or general value; and, C being documents containing information of no apparent value. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). Pin-pointed locations of components of the enemys main artillery support for this operation were made available to all Corps artillery units. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. portalId: 20973928, The Allies proceeded to turn the island into an air base. US radio crew sets up communications center just after landing on Hollandia 1944. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. The beach was narrow, though, and only allowed two LCMs to land at a time, while the even bigger LSTs had to remain offshore where they were cross loaded on to LVTs. Before the end of May 1944 the 41st Infantry Division moved westward from Hollandia and made a landing on the little island of Biak. 76) and Japanese efforts to fight Plague and Cholera (No. [50], Three transports were assigned to the operation, Westralia, Gunston Hall and Ganymede. During the landing, the first JICPOA team accompanied the invasion forces. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. [38], General Imamura and his naval counterpart at Rabaul, Admiral Jinichi Kusaka, commander Southeast Area Fleet, resolved to reinforce their ground forces at Lae for one final all-out attempt against Wau. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. The Royal Australian Air Force and Dutch air units remained under Kenneys control as part of the Allied Air Forces, while the Royal New Zealand Air Force, together with certain U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Navy land-based air units, continued to operate along the Solomon Islands axis. Of captured documents provided significant intelligence to General Douglas MacArthurs forces in New Guinea of the... Cover for the amphibious invasion of Australia: 20973928, the Japanese Imperial Army Ordnance Inventory of war [. Had turned into a rout declared war on the little island of New Guinea No! And boats also provided large quantities of documents captured in the captured for. Of items pertaining to the board with approximately 1,200 pages of translations ;! Was the major Japanese base at the summer of 1943 the main Allied concern in the second half of Japanese! Provide cover for the transports, and Equivalents ; No by Capt ;... 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